The Electrical Requirements for Hot Tubs

Hot tubs can make life feel much more relaxing and simple - but there’s a lot going on under the water's surface. While you’re drifting off during your hydromassage, the internal workings of your hot tub are pulling off some pretty impressive feats to make it all work. So, what's required to make this all work, and what are the electrical requirements for hot tubs?

In this article, we'll discuss what you need to make your hot tub run at peak efficiency. We'll also cover the types of hot tubs and the electrical requirements for hot tubs ranging from plug-and-play hot tubs to larger 7-person hot tubs.

Let's delve into the key considerations and how to ensure you're meeting the electrical requirements for hot tubs, so you can relax safely and efficiently. 

The Basics of Electrical Requirements for Hot Tubs 

We always recommend reviewing the electrical requirements for hot tubs before you make your purchase decision. Most hot tubs require a 240-volt outlet, but an inground hot tub installation or even older homes with dated wiring can make choosing a hot tub more complex.

If you buy a hot tub that requires a 240-volt outlet but you only have 120-volt outlets where you want to install your hot tub, you will need to reconsider your choice or contact a local electrician. A local hot tub electrician will be able to assess whether your space can accommodate the electrical requirements for hot tubs - and if not, they'll be able to offer you a quote on how much installing an electrical setup would be.

But before we get too far into the details, let’s do a quick review of some of the terms that you’ll run into most often when exploring the electrical requirements for hot tubs. 

Things that impact electrical requirements for hot tubs:

• Hot tub models' voltage and amperage.
• Whether or not you have a dedicated circuit.
• If you already have GFCI protection.
• The current state of your wiring and conduit.

Voltage and Amperage

The first step in understanding hot tub electrical requirements is to determine the voltage and amperage necessary for your specific hot tub model.

Voltage, often referred to as electric potential difference, is a fundamental electrical quantity that measures the force or pressure that pushes electric charges (usually electrons) through a conductor in an electrical circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and represents the energy per unit charge. In practical terms, voltage determines the strength of the electric field in a circuit and governs the flow of electric current. 

Most hot tubs operate on either 120 volts or 240 volts. Smaller, portable hot tubs generally use 120 volts, while larger, built-in models typically require 240 volts.

The amperage requirement depends on the hot tub size and features. Amperage, often referred to as current, is a fundamental electrical quantity that measures the rate of flow of electric charge (usually electrons) in an electrical circuit. It is measured in amperes (A) and represents the quantity of charge passing through a conductor per unit of time.

In other words, amperage determines the strength or intensity of the electric current, with higher amperage indicating a greater flow of electrons. A typical 120-volt hot tub may require 15-20 amps, while a 240-volt hot tub can range from 30 to 60 amps or more.

Dedicated Circuit

To ensure safe and efficient operation, and to be sure the breaker isn’t tripped, hot tubs must be connected to a dedicated electrical circuit. This means the circuit should be used exclusively for the hot tub and not share power with other appliances or outlets. A dedicated circuit helps prevent overloading and reduces the risk of electrical issues.

GFCI Protection

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) protection is a crucial safety feature for hot tubs. A GFCI outlet or breaker detects any imbalance in electrical current, which could indicate a potential electrical fault. If a fault is detected, the GFCI device quickly shuts off power to prevent electrical shocks.

Both the hot tub's electrical supply and the outlet or breaker supplying power to it should have GFCI protection. This extra layer of safety is essential when dealing with electrical equipment near water.

Wiring and Conduit

Proper wiring and conduit are essential to ensure the electrical system's integrity and safety. The wiring used should be rated for outdoor and wet conditions, such as THWN or THWN-2. It's advisable to consult with a qualified electrician to ensure the correct wiring size and type are used.

Additionally, all wiring should be enclosed in a conduit to protect it from physical damage and exposure to the elements. The conduit should be installed underground or routed in a way that minimizes the risk of accidental damage.

Types of Hot Tubs: P&P vs. Traditional

The electrical requirements for a hot tub differ depending on what kind of tub you opt for, such as a plug-and-play hot tub or a hard-wired hot tub. These two types of hot tubs have significant differences in terms of installation, functionality, and, of course, electrical requirements. 

1. Plug-and-Play Hot Tubs

Plug-and-play hot tubs, often referred to as portable hot tubs, are designed with convenience and ease of installation in mind.

True to their name, plug-and-play hot tubs are remarkably easy to install. All you need is a grounded electrical outlet within reach of the hot tub's power cord—more on that later. This simplicity makes them an excellent choice for those looking for a hassle-free installation process.

These hot tubs are also relatively lightweight and designed for portability. If you ever need to move or relocate your hot tub, it can be done with relative ease. This feature is especially appealing to renters or individuals who may change residences in the future.

Due to their lower voltage and amperage requirements, plug-and-play hot tubs typically have lower operating costs compared to hard-wired models, as they consume less energy to maintain temperature.

But, while these hot tubs have more accessible electrical requirements for hot tubs of the P&P variety and are easier on the wallet, they're also lighter on the hydro massage. These budget-friendly hot tubs typically don't pack as much of a punch when it comes to water pressure.

2. Hard-Wired Hot Tubs

Hard-wired hot tubs, also known as traditional hot tubs, offer a different set of features and requirements.

Most hard-wired hot tubs operate on 240 volts, which is similar to the voltage used by large household appliances such as electric stoves or clothes dryers. The amperage requirements can vary widely, often ranging from 30 to 60 amps or even higher for larger models.

Due to the complexity of the electrical requirements for hot tubs of this kind, and their need for a dedicated circuit, hard-wired hot tubs should be installed by a licensed electrician. The installation process involves running dedicated wiring from the electrical panel to the hot tub's location and installing a disconnect switch for safety.

Hard-wired hot tubs are typically intended for permanent placement and are more challenging to move than plug-and-play models. They may have required custom electrical requirements for hot tubs that tie them to the property or simply make them more difficult to move. That said, they're ideal for homeowners looking for a long-term investment in their property.

Regardless of your choice, safety should always be a top priority, and compliance with local electrical codes is essential. Before installing any hot tub, it's advisable to consult with a qualified electrician to ensure a safe and enjoyable hot tub experience.

The Differences in Electrical Requirements for Hot Tubs 

The differences between plug-and-play and hard-wired spas become even more apparent when you break down the electrical requirements for a hot tub of each type. 

P&P Hot Tubs Electrical Setup

Plug-and-play hot tubs are known for their compatibility with standard 120-volt household outlets. They typically require a 15-20 amp circuit, similar to what you'd find for common household appliances. This means you can plug them into a regular electrical outlet without the need for specialized wiring. Most hard-wired hot tubs, on the other hand, operate on 240 volts, which is similar to the voltage used by large household appliances such as electric stoves or clothes dryers. The amperage requirements can vary widely, often ranging from 30 to 60 amps or even higher for larger models.

Hard-Wired Hot Tubs Electrical Setup

To accommodate the higher voltage and amperage requirements, hard-wired hot tubs necessitate a dedicated electrical circuit. This circuit is exclusively reserved for powering the hot tub, ensuring stable electrical performance and minimizing the risk of overloading. However, many professionals recommend operating a plug-and-play hot tub on its own circuit as well, so as to prevent the tub from drawing too much power and tripping the breaker. 

No matter what kind of hot tub you choose, safety will be paramount with any electrical appliance near water. Plug-and-play hot tubs and hard-wired hot tubs require Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) protection, which immediately cuts off power in the event of an electrical fault, reducing the risk of electric shocks.

Steps for Installing a Hot Tub

Wiring a hot tub is a complex electrical task that requires careful planning and adherence to local electrical codes and safety guidelines. Here are the general steps for wiring a hot tub - however, we always recommend contacting a licensed hot tub electrician for installation.

1. Location Selection

Choose an appropriate location to place your hot tub. It should be on a flat, level surface with adequate drainage. Ensure there is ample space around the tub for access to electrical components and future maintenance. It should also be able to withstand the weight of your hot tub with water and people inside of it.

2. Permit and Code Check 

Check with your local building department to determine if you need permits for the installation. Familiarize yourself with local electrical codes and regulations, as compliance is essential for safety and legal reasons.

3. Electrical Panel Evaluation

Verify that your home's electrical panel has the capacity to support the hot tub's electrical requirements. If not, you may need a panel upgrade.

4. Circuit Installation

Install a dedicated electrical circuit from your main electrical panel to the location of the hot tub. The circuit's voltage and amperage should match the hot tub's specifications. Be sure to use appropriate electrical wiring, typically THWN or THWN-2, and conduit suitable for outdoor and wet conditions.

You’ll want to include a disconnect switch near the hot tub, which allows you to cut power to the tub for maintenance or emergencies. It should be easily accessible but not within reach from inside the hot tub to prevent accidental operation.

5. GFCI Protection

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) breaker will need to be installed at the electrical panel that serves the hot tub circuit. This provides additional safety by cutting power in case of a ground fault. The hot tub itself should have GFCI protection built into its electrical system.

6. Hot Tub Wiring

Connect the hot tub's wiring to the disconnect switch and ensure it's properly secured inside the conduit. You’ll want to follow the manufacturer's instructions for wiring connections. This may include connections for the heater, pump, control panel, and lighting.

7. Testing and Inspection

Before filling the hot tub, perform a thorough inspection of all electrical components and connections to ensure they are secure and correctly installed. Turn on the power to the hot tub through the disconnect switch. Test all electrical functions, such as the jets, lights, and heater, to ensure they work correctly. Finally, conduct a leak test to check for water-tightness.

8. Fill and Enjoy

Once the hot tub passes inspection and all electrical components are confirmed to be functioning correctly, you can fill it with water, and enjoy! Follow the manufacturer's instructions for water chemistry and maintenance to keep your hot tub in good condition.

Tips for Navigating Electrical Requirements for Hot Tubs

Wiring a hot tub involves working with electricity and water, which can be hazardous if not done correctly. Here are some essential tips to ensure the safe wiring of your hot tub:

Consult a Licensed Electrician

Hot tub wiring is a job for a professional. Hire a licensed electrician who is experienced in hot tub installations and familiar with local electrical codes. They will ensure the installation is safe and complies with all regulations.

Check Local Codes

Before starting the wiring process, research and understand your local electrical codes and permit requirements. Compliance is crucial for safety and legality.

Dedicated Circuit

Always install a dedicated electrical circuit for your hot tub. This means the circuit is exclusively for the hot tub and not shared with other appliances or outlets. This reduces the risk of overloading and ensures a consistent power supply.

GFCI Protection

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) protection is essential. Install a GFCI breaker or outlet at the electrical panel serving the hot tub circuit and ensure the hot tub itself has GFCI protection. GFCI devices are designed to detect ground faults and quickly shut off power to prevent electric shocks.

Follow Manufacturer Instructions

Carefully read and follow the manufacturer's installation instructions for your specific hot tub model. This includes wiring connections for the heater, pump, control panel, and any lighting.

Regular Maintenance

Schedule regular inspections and maintenance checks for your hot tub's electrical components. This includes checking for loose connections, corrosion, and wear. Address any issues promptly.

Document Everything

Keep thorough records of the installation process, permits, inspections, and maintenance activities. Having documentation on hand can be helpful for future reference and if you decide to sell your home.

Don't Attempt a DIY Hot Tub Installation

Avoid attempting to wire your hot tub yourself unless you are a licensed electrician with experience in hot tub installations. Electrical work is complex and dangerous when not done correctly.

Remember that safety should always be the top priority when wiring your hot tub. By following these tips and working with a qualified professional, you can enjoy your hot tub safely and worry-free.

Final Word: The Electrical Requirements for Hot Tubs

Whether you’re in the market for a traditional hot tub or a plug-and-play version, you’ll want to review the electrical requirements for hot tubs to ensure you're set up for safe installation. That way, you’ll be sure to get the most out of your spa time without any worry. 

For more on electrical requirements for hot tubs or for help finding one near you, contact Wellis® Spa at  844-4-WELLIS. You can even call to schedule a test soak at an independent hot tub dealer before you buy.